How to Choose Among Fund Share Classes

You may have heard some buzz recently about new share classes of mutual funds (T shares and "clean" shares) that are set to roll off the assembly line.

That's all we need, you might be saying. After all, the mutual fund industry has seen a proliferation of share classes in recent years, and it's become increasingly difficult to discern the differences among them.

Traditionally, share classes have represented different ways fund companies "package" their product. The basic product is portfolio management, but there are other benefits that are included in the fees, such as advice, fees paid to the fund's other service providers (such as its custodian), shareholder services, and more.

The Department of Labor's Conflict of Interest Rule has the potential to reshape the way funds are priced, however. Here is a rundown of the major share classes you are likely to encounter in the marketplace today, as well as some new types of share classes that may be poised to gain in popularity in a post DoL-rule era.

Load Fund Share Classes Some fund families like Franklin, Oppenheimer, and American Funds sell mutual funds through financial advisors; these are so-called load funds because an investor typically pays a front-end load at the time of the initial purchase. Here are some of the share classes you would typically see offered by an "advisor-sold" or "load" fund shops:

A Shares

A shares typically carry front-end sales charges, or loads, which come right off the top of your investment when you buy. For example,

B Shares

B shares typically carry deferred sales charges, often called back-end loads. Unlike the A shares, you won't pay anything upfront if you opt for the B shares, but you might pay a charge when you sell your shares, depending on how long you hold them. B shares have declined in popularity in recent years, and in fact, a number of firms have discontinued them. B shares usually aren't the most economical option, especially for long-term investors, because their expense ratios--the fees that you'll pay year in and year out--are usually far higher than expense ratios for the A share class. Returning to the Growth Fund of America example, you'll pay 1.42% in annual expenses for the

C Shares

You won't pay a front-end sales charge to buy C shares, commonly known as "level-load" shares, of a given fund. The maximum deferred sales charge you could be liable for--1.0%--is also much lower than it is for B shares, and it typically scales down much faster than the back-end loads of B shares. But C shares invariably have higher year-to-year expenses than do A shares, making them a bad bet for long-term investors.

T Shares T shares could be a game-changer. As John Rekenthaler details in this article, owing to the DoL's Conflict of Interest Rule, Morningstar expects that every share class that now has an A share class will soon have a T share class. All T shares will be priced identically: 2.5% upfront (declining for larger purchases) and an ongoing 0.25% 12b-1 fee. In contrast to A shares, which can be higher or lower across fund categories and fund companies, T shares always have a 2.5% upfront load and a 0.25% ongoing fee. This dramatically changes things: A shares are used to be the most cost-effective choice for long-term investors who are using a commission-based broker to transact, but T shares halve that cost.

No-Load Fund Share Classes Other fund shops do not require investors to pay sales loads at the time of initial purchase. These fund shops include Vanguard, Fidelity, T. Rowe Price, and Dodge & Cox.

No-Load Shares The typical no-load fund doesn't carry any letters after its name, though no-load share classes are sometimes tagged as "retail" or "investor" shares. No-load means you won't have to pay a broker to buy and sell your shares--you can execute the transaction yourself, buying directly from the fund company or from a fund supermarket such as Schwab, E*Trade, or TD Ameritrade.

Note that a retail investor may pay a 12b-1 fee, which is a difficult-to-define fee that goes toward fund marketing and distribution. The fee is part of the fund's overall annual expense ratio, and varies from 0.25% to 1% of fund assets (the fee is higher for B and C share classes).

Clean Shares In another development that has the potential to be a game-changer, American Funds recently got the go-ahead from the Securities and Exchange Commission to issue F3 shares, or "clean shares"--so-called because they include management fees and administrative costs but are sold without a 12b-1 distribution fee. This way, brokers can set their own commissions for selling the shares. As explained here, unbundling the distribution fee from the expense ratio should give investors a better idea of what they're paying to brokers and asset managers for their respective services. Investors can also better compare the investment-related charges for clean shares of actively managed open-end mutual funds with exchange-traded funds.

Institutional Shares Many fund shops also offer institutional share classes of certain funds--often tagged as I or Y shares. Such offerings are usually only available to investors or institutions who invest large sums--usually $1 million or more--and have some of the lowest expenses in the mutual fund world (they typically do not charge 12b-1 fees). If you participate in a retirement plan at work and your employer is a good-size company, there's a good chance you invest in the institutional share class of a given fund.

Retirement Shares

Retirement shares--sometimes tagged with an R after the fund name--are share classes that are explicitly created for retirement plans, such as 401(k)s. The fees that these funds charge range widely. Some R shares bundle in the record-keeping and other administrative costs associated with running the plan. For example, the

How to Decide If you buy and sell funds through a commission-based broker and have a long time horizon, chances are the T shares will be the most cost-effective for you. Discuss the amount you'd like to invest, your time horizon, and your goals with your advisor; all are important considerations when determining the most appropriate share class.

If you're investing a large sum, it's also worth inquiring to see if you're eligible for a discounted sales charge. These discounts--often called breakpoints--kick in when your total investment across the fund family reaches a certain amount (for A shares, it's $25,000 or more). Even if you don't meet the minimum asset level yet, you may still be able to qualify for the discount if you sign a letter of intent that states you plan to invest enough money to qualify for the discount within a specified period of time (usually 13 months). (For more on breakpoints, see this article on the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority website.)

Last but not least, if you're using a commission-based broker, make sure that you're satisfied with the quality of advice you're receiving. Morningstar has tended to be agnostic on the issue of whether it's better to buy a load versus a no-load fund. No-load funds may be cheaper and don't have sales charges, but if you're receiving good advice, that may be worth the extra cost. If you don't want or need investment advice, you shouldn't buy the T, A, B, or C shares of a fund because you'll be paying for something (advice) you're not using.

Note: A version of this article ran on July 21, 2015.